The use of carbon steel pipes in various industries has been a cornerstone of infrastructure development for decades. Carbon steel, a type of steel with carbon content ranging from 0.05% to 2%, is widely employed in the production of pipes due to its numerous advantages.

In the field of construction, choosing the right materials is crucial to ensure the durability, safety, and overall quality of a project. Among the many components used in construction, pipes play a significant role in various applications

The mechanical properties of large-diameter steel pipes are important indicators to ensure the final performance (mechanical properties) of large-diameter steel pipes.

It is a kind of straight line or spiral, continuous or discontinuous state that exists on the outer or inner surface of seamless steel pipe. The main reason for folding is poor quality of the pipe material